What is fundamental of Computer?

July 13, 2022

About Computer

A computer is an electronic machine in which we input the data and it does process then gives us output in a required format.

There are 7 components of the computer

  1. Monitor
  2. Keyboard
  3. Mouse 
  4. Printer
  5. Speaker
  6. CPU
  7. UPS

1- Monitor:


Monitor is an output device which displays us the process data while we work on it.

Types of computer monitor

  1. CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors. These monitors employ CRT technology, which was used most commonly in the manufacturing of television screens.
  2. LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. The LCD monitor incorporates one of the most advanced technologies available today.
  3. LED (light-emitting diodes) monitors.

2-Keyboard

Keyboard is an input device which is used to type the matter on the computer.



Different Options in Keyboards and Keypads

  1. Qwerty Keyboards. Designed in the likeness of old-fashioned typewriters, QWERTY is the most common keyboard layout.
  2. Wired Keyboards.
  3. Numeric Keypads.
  4. Ergonomic Keyboards.
  5. Wireless Keyboards.
  6. USB Keyboards. 
  7. Bluetooth Keyboards.
  8. Magic Keyboards.


3-Mouse

Mouse is an input device which is used to instruct the computer.




Types of mouse

  1. Trackball mouse are old technology mouse that has mechanical movement of ball inside. 
  2. Optical mouse are the mouse having infrared sensitivity technology these mouse are being used these days.


4-Printer

Printer is an output device which is used to print out the data from the computer though it various applications with print command. 




Types of printer 

  • Laser Printers.
  • Solid Ink Printers.
  • LED Printers.
  • Business Inkjet Printers.
  • Home Inkjet Printers.
  • Multifunction Printers.
  • Dot Matrix Printers.
  • 3D Printers.



5-Speaker

Speaker is an output device which is used to output the information stored on computer inform of sound.



  1. Full-range drivers.
  2. Subwoofer.
  3. Woofer.
  4. Mid-range driver.
  5. Tweeter.
  6. Coaxial drivers.
  7. Horn loudspeakers.



6-CPU-(Center Processing Unit)

A central processing unit, also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output operations specified by the instructions in the program.

Types of Computer CPU


  1. Single Core CPUs. Single core CPUs are the oldest type of computer CPU available and initially this was the only type of CPU that could be used in computers.
  2. Dual Core CPUs. A dual core CPU is a single CPU that has two cores and thus functions like two CPUs in one.
  3. Quad Core CPUs.

In the computing world, there are many processor developers but the main ones are 

    Intel, (INTegrated ELectronics Information Technology, Computing)
  1.  AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
  2.  ARM.(Acorn RISC Machine)

Intel and AMD are for the desktop, server and PC side while ARM is for the embedded systems like phones, tablets, some laptops and even IoT devices like TVs and fridges



7-UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply)

An uninterruptible power supply or uninterruptible power source (UPS) is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails






Types of Uninterruptible Power Supplies

  • Offline/Standby Uninterruptible Power Supply. The offline/standby UPS is the most basic out of the three.
  • Online/Double Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply.
  • Line-Interactive Uninterruptible Power Supply.




Parts of Computer





There are three parts of computer:

Hardware:

Those components of computer which we can see and touch is called computer hardware



Softeware

The set of instructions on computer which we can see but we cannot touch. 



Humanware

The user who operates computer is called humanware.





Components of Computer


1- Printer - Output device- It’s used to print out the pages.

2- Speaker- Output device- It’s used to play sound.

3- Monitor- Output device- It’s used to display the data.

4- Keyboard- Input device-  It’s used to type the data.

5- Mouse-  Input device- It’s used to click the options.

6- C.P.U-Brain of Computer- It executes every command

7- U.P.S-Power Supply- It supplies the power to computer.
History of Computer
  1. Historical name of computer- Abacus
  2. First computer technology invented- 1642
  3. Father of Computer technology- Blaise Pascal
  4. Father of computer – Charles Babbage
  5. Computer was invented – 1823-1834, after 11 years
  6. India first time used computer- 1956
  7. MS DOS(CUI) was use an OS- 1970-1984 by IBM.
  8. Windows(GUI) was first used- 1985, Windows 1.0x
  9. First digital computer- ENIAC in 1946
Definition of Computer
The Computer is an electronic machine in which we input the data and it does process then it gives us output in a required format.

 
Shortcut keys-

  1. Help – f1
  2. Cut- ctrl+x
  3. Print- ctrl+p
  4. Save- ctrl+s
  5. Save as- f12
  6. Align center- ctrl+e
  7. Align right- ctrl+r
  8. Align justify- ctrl+j
  9. Find – ctrl+f
  10. Replace- ctrl+h
  11. Align left- ctrl+l
  12. Copy- ctrl+c
  13. Paste- ctrl+v
  14. Select all – ctrl+a
  15. Bold- ctrl+b
  16. Italic- ctrl+i
  17. Underline- ctrl+u
  18. Shutdown- alt+f4
  19. Close win- ctrl+w
  20. Increase font- ctrl+shift+>
  21. Decrease font- ctrl+shift+<
  22. Footnote- ctrl+alt+f
  23. Endnote- ctrl+alt+d
  24. SuperScript- ctrl+shift+=
  25. SubScript- ctrl+=
  26. Equation- alt+=
  27. Spelling check- f7
  28. Undo- ctrl+z
  29. Redo- ctrl+y
  30. Run commad- Win+R
  31. Change desktop windows- Alt+tab
  32. Boot- Ctrl+alt+del
  33. Goto- ctrl+g

 

Hardware- Those Components of computer which we can see and touch. Like monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, speaker etc.
Software- Those instructions which we can see but we cannot touch. Like word, excel, Photoshop etc.
Humanware- The user who operates computer is called humanware.
Two parts of hardware-
CPU and Peripherals.
CPU- Center Processing Unit is brain of computer and when a signal is sent to microprocessor which executes OS and completes booting process. 3 parts- CU, ALU, MU.
RAM and ROM are the parts of Memory unit.
Peripherals- All input, output and storage devices are called peripherals. Keyboard, mouse, printer, speaker.

Full forms-
  1. CPU- Center processing unit
  2. UPS- Uninterruptible power supply.
  3. IBM- International Business Machine.
  4. SMS- Small message service.
  5. E-mail- Electronic Mail
  6. IRC- Internet Relay Chat
  7. ARPANET- Advance Research Project Administration Network.
  8. GUI- Graphic User Interface.
  9. CUI- Character User Interface.
  10. DOS- Disc Operating System.
  11. GOOGLE- Global Organization of Oriented Group Language of Earth.
  12. PC- Personal Computer
  13. RAM- Random Access Memory.
  14. ROM- Read Only Memory
  15. OS- Operating System.
  16. LCD- Liquid Crystal Display.
  17. LED- light emitting diode.
  18. NTFS- New technology file system
  19. FAT- File Allocation Table
  20. DOC-Document
  21. Txt- Text
  22. MS- Microsoft
  23. SD- Secure Digital
  24. MMC- Multimedia Card
  25. CD- Compact Disc
  26. DVD- Digital Versatile Disc
  27. ISO – International Organization for standardization.
  28. DB- Database
  29. IC- Integrated Circuit.
  30. VLSIC- Very Large Scale of Integrated Circuit.
  31. SYS- System
  32. CONFIG- Configuration
  33. CTRL- Control
  34. ALT- Alternate
  35. ESC- Escape
  36. DEL- Delete
  37. FN- Function
  38. PrtScr- Print Screen
  39. Ins- Insert
  40. CMD- command
  41. TEMP- Temporary
  42. PgUp- Page UP
  43. PgDwn- Page Down
  44. WMP- Windows media player
  45. MP3- Moving picture expert group phase 3
  46. JPG/JPEG- Joint Photo expert group
  47. GIF- Graphics Interchange Format.
  48. RGB- Red green blue
  49. CMYK- Cyan magenta yellow black
  50. PRO- Professional
  51. .COM- Component Object Model.
  52. USB- Universal Serial Bus
  53. IT- Information Technology.
  54. IP- Internet Protocol.
  55. PHP- Hypertext Preprocessor
  56. WWW- World Wide Web.
  57. XML- Extensible Markup Language.
  58.  TLD- Top Level Domain
  59. CEO- Chief Executive Officer
  60. KB- Kilobyte
  61. RAM- Random Access Memory.
  62. ROM- Read Only Memory.

 
Generation of Computer
1st gen of computer – 1940-56 Tech – Vacuum Tubes
Example- ANIAC, UNIVAC IBM701
2nd gen of computer – 1956-63 Tech – Magnetic drum
Example - UNIVAC1108, IBM7094HoneyWell 400
3rd gen of computer - 19-71 Tech – Integrated Circuit
Example - IBM360, PDO-11, ICL 2900
4th gen of computer – 1972-90 Tech – Microprocessor
Example - IBM4341, DEC10, PUP11
5th gen of computer – 1990 to Onward Tech- Artificial Intelligence.
Example- Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, Ultrabook.
 







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