What is Computer Architecture?

July 13, 2022

Computer architecture 



Full forms and explanation of above topics

Computer is an electronic machine in which we input the data and it does process on the data then gives us output in a required format.

Parts of computer- 

1- Hardware- 

Those components of computer which we can see and touch.
e.g.  Mouse, Keyboard, Printer Speaker ets.

2- Software- 

The set of instruction which we can see and operate. 
e.g. MS Word, Windows and Photoshop etc.

3- Human-ware-

The computer user who operates computer.
e.g. bank manager, data-entry employ, any computer operator etc.

Parts of hardware.

A-    CPU- 

Full form of CPU is (Center Processing Unit). It's base of computer which shares the work for all peripherals (All kinds of devices attached to CPU). Through, the booting process it resets the firmware and rechecks the each and every file location and writes their storage locations. It's three parts.

1-CU- Full form of CU is (Control Unit). It's a component that is used instruct the arithmetic, memory and logic, to ensure the the transfer of data input as well as as output. 


2-ALU- Full form of ALU is (Arithmetic Logic Unit). It's a component that performs all the mathematical and logical activities on binary number system at the center of CPU in the computer. It's located at the heart of every CPU in Computer.

3-MU- Full form of MU is (Memory Unit). It's amount of data unit that can be stored in storage unit. It's two parts.

i-RAM(Random Access Memory)-Random Access memory is super-fast data storage space in computer and it's very fundamental element of computer. It needs to access now and next few moments.

ii-ROM(Read Only Memory)- Read only memory is permanently storage medium in the personal computer and other electronic machines. it keeps programming to needed start a PC at boot-up time. It is used to perform essential tasks and holds the instruction of programs and software while operating them in the computer.

B- Peripherals-

All those components of computer which are attached to CPU to execute the specific task. e.g. Keyboard, monitor, graphic card, expansion card and digital camera, microphone etc.
There are three parts of peripherals:

Likewise:

Input Device
Keyboard
Mouse

Output Device
Printer
Speaker
Monitor

Storage Device
CD
DVD
HardDisk

Parts of Software

There are two parts of software.

1- System Software

System software is a kind of software that performs to be mid-ware or interface between hardware and user applications. It's two parts are-

1-Operating System and

2- Utilities


Operating System- It's a kind of application that is all in all responsible to operate any computer. It performs several management operations e.g. file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, controlling peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, printer etc.  

Four kinds of Operating Systems are-

1-DOS(Disk Operating System) It performs literally on CUI (character user interface).

2-Windows OS(Operating System) It performs on GUI(graphic user interface)

3-Mac OS- This OS is based on Apple Inc, since 2001 they started to make work simpler.

4- Linux OS-It's open source operating system, started 1991. It's unix command line user interface.


Utilities- the applications which perform maintaining, configuring, analyzing and optimizing a computer. these software are used to support computer infrastructure.  

2-Application Software- 

The group of application software that are used to perform basic tasks such as, data entry, processing, accounting, graphic destining, online web services, email client etc.

There are two parts of application software-

1- Languages

2-Packages

Language- Computer language is a set of instructions that is executed by computer to perform various kinds of outputs. 
Basic two kinds of languages-

1-Low level language
2-High level language

Four types of language in comprising methods-

  1. Imperative
  2. Fundamental
  3. Logical
  4. Object-Oriented

  1. 1951 – Regional Assembly Language.
  2. 1952 – Autocode.
  3. 1954 – IPL (forerunner to LISP)
  4. 1955 – FLOW-MATIC (led to COBOL)
  5. 1957 – FORTRAN (first compiler)
  6. 1957 – COMTRAN (precursor to COBOL)
  7. 1958 – LISP.
  8. 1958 – ALGOL 58.



JavaScript.
Python.
Java.
C/CPP.
PHP
Swift
C#
Ruby.
Objective – C.
SQL


Packages-
Software package is a software package is simply multiple applications or code modules that work together to meet various goals and objectives.
List of software packages-



Word Processing
Spread Sheet
Presentation
Access Database
Image
Designing
Accounting and
Mailing etc.
Each of the above package contains one or more application software as you could go to top of this page and watch architecture given.





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